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<!doctype linuxdoc system>   <article> <title> Samba meta FAQ <author>Dan Shearer & Paul Blackman, <tt>ictinus@samba.org</tt> <date>v 0.3, 7 Oct '97 <abstract> This is the meta-Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) document for Samba, the free and very popular SMB and CIFS server product. It contains overview information for the Samba suite of programs, a quick-start guide, and pointers to all other Samba documentation. Other FAQs exist for specific client and server issues, and HOWTO documents for more extended topics to do with Samba software. Current to version Samba 1.9.17. Please send any corrections to the author. </abstract> <toc> <sect> Quick Reference Guides to Samba Documentation<label id=quickref> We are endeavouring to provide links here to every major class of information about Samba or things related to Samba. We cannot list every document, but we are aiming for all documents to be at most two referrals from those listed here. This needs constant maintaining, so please send the author your feedback. <sect1> Samba for the Impatient<label id="impatient"> You know you should read the documentation but can't wait to start? What you need to do then is follow the instructions in the following documents in the order given. This should be enough to get a fairly simple site going quickly. If you have any problems, refer back to this meta-FAQ and follow the links to find more reading material. <descrip> <label id="ImpGet"><tag/Getting Samba:/ The fastest way to get Samba going is and install it is to have an operating system for which the Samba team has put together an installation package. To see if your OS is included have a look at the directory /pub/samba/Binary_Packages/"OS_Vendor" on your nearest <url url="../MIRRORS" name="mirror site">. If it is included follow the installation instructions in the README file there and then do some <ref id="ImpTest" name="basic testing">. If you are not so fortunate, follow the normal <ref id="WhereFrom" name="download instructions"> and then continue with <ref id="ImpInst" name="building and installing Samba">. <label id="ImpInst"><tag/Building and Installing Samba:/ At the moment there are two kinds of Samba server installs besides the prepackaged binaries mentioned in the previous step. You need to decide if you have a <url url="../UNIX_INSTALL.txt" name="Unix or close relative"> or <url url="Samba-Server-FAQ.html#PortInfo" name="other supported operating system">. <label id="ImpTest"><tag/Basic Testing:/ Try to connect using the supplied smbclient command-line program. You need to know the IP hostname of your server. A service name must be defined in smb.conf, as given in the examples (under many operating systems if there is a [homes] service you can just use a valid username.) Then type <tt> smbclient \\hostname\servicename </tt> Under most Unixes you will need to put the parameters within quotation marks. If this works, try connecting from one of the SMB clients you were planning to use with Samba. <label id="ImpDebug"><tag/Debug sequence:/ If you think you have completed the previous step and things aren't working properly work through <url url="../DIAGNOSIS.txt" name="the diagnosis recipe."> <label id="ImpExp"><tag/Exporting files to SMB clients:/ You should read the manual pages for smb.conf, but here is a <url url="Samba-Server-FAQ.html#Exporting" name="quick answer guide."> <label id="ImpControl"><tag/Controlling user access:/ the quickest and dirtiest way of sharing resources is to use <ref id="ShareModeSecurity" name="share level security."> If you want to spend more time and have a proper username and password database you must read the paragraph on <ref id="DomainModeSecurity" name="domain mode security."> If you want encryption (eg you are using Windows NT clients) follow the <url url="Samba-Server-FAQ.html#SMBEncryptionSteps" name="SMB encryption instructions."> <label id="ImpBrowse"><tag/Browsing:/ if you are happy to type in "\\samba-server\sharename" at the client end then do not read any further. Otherwise you need to understand the <ref id="BrowsingDefinitions" name="browsing terminology"> and read <url url="Samba-Server-FAQ.html#NameBrowsing">. <label id="ImpPrint"><tag/Printing:/ See the <url url="Samba-Server-FAQ.html#Printing" name="printing quick answer guide."> </descrip> If you have got everything working to this point, you can expect Samba to be stable and secure: these are its greatest strengths. However Samba has a great deal to offer and to go further you must do some more reading. Speed and security optimisations, printer accounting, network logons, roving profiles, browsing across multiple subnets and so on are all covered either in this document or in those it refers to. <sect1> All Samba Documentation<label id=AllDocs> <itemize> <item> Meta-FAQ. This is the mother of all documents, and is the one you are reading now. The latest version is always at <url url="http://samba.org/[.....]"> but there is probably a much nearer <url url="../MIRRORS" name="mirror site"> which you should use instead. <item> <url url="Samba-Server-FAQ.html"> is the best starting point for information about server-side issues. Includes configuration tips and pointers for Samba on particular operating systems (with 40 to choose from...) <item> <url url="Samba-Client-FAQ.html"> is the best starting point for information about client-side issues, includes a list of all clients that are known to work with Samba. <item> <url url="samba-man-index.html" name="manual pages"> contains descriptions of and links to all the Samba manual pages, in Unix man and postscript format. <item> <url url="samba-txt-index.html"> has descriptions of and links to a large number of text files have been contributed to samba covering many topics. These are gradually being absorbed into the FAQs and HOWTOs but in the meantime you might find helpful answers here. <item> </itemize> <sect> General Information<label id="general_info"> All about Samba - what it is, how to get it, related sources of information, how to understand the numbering scheme, pizza details. <sect1> What is Samba?<label id="introduction"> Samba is a suite of programs which work together to allow clients to access to a server's filespace and printers via the SMB (Server Message Block) and CIFS (Common Internet Filesystem) protocols. Initially written for Unix, Samba now also runs on Netware, OS/2, VMS, StratOS and Amigas. Ports to BeOS and other operating systems are underway. Samba gives the capability for these operating systems to behave much like a LAN Server, Windows NT Server or Pathworks machine, only with added functionality and flexibility designed to make life easier for administrators. This means that using Samba you can share a server's disks and printers to many sorts of network clients, including Lan Manager, Windows for Workgroups, Windows NT, Linux, OS/2, and AIX. There is also a generic client program supplied as part of the Samba suite which gives a user on the server an ftp-like interface to access filespace and printers on any other SMB/CIFS servers. SMB has been implemented over many protocols, including XNS, NBT, IPX, NetBEUI and TCP/IP. Samba only uses TCP/IP. This is not likely to change although there have been some requests for NetBEUI support. Many users report that compared to other SMB implementations Samba is more stable, faster, and compatible with more clients. Administrators of some large installations say that Samba is the only SMB server available which will scale to many tens of thousands of users without crashing. The easy way to test these claims is to download it and try it for yourself! The suite is supplied with full source code under the <url url="../COPYING" name="GNU Public License">. The GPL means that you can use Samba for whatever purpose you wish (including changing the source or selling it for money) but under all circumstances the source code must be made freely available. A copy of the GPL must always be included in any copy of the package. The primary creator of the Samba suite is Andrew Tridgell. Later versions incorporate much effort by many net.helpers. The man pages and this FAQ were originally written by Karl Auer. <sect1> What is the current version of Samba?<label id="current_version"> At time of writing, the current version was 1.9.17. If you want to be sure check the bottom of the change-log file. <url url="ftp://samba.org/pub/samba/alpha/change-log"> For more information see <ref id="version_nums" name="What do the version numbers mean?"> <sect1> Where can I get it? <label id="WhereFrom"> The Samba suite is available via anonymous ftp from samba.org and many <url url="../MIRRORS" name="mirror"> sites. You will get much faster performance if you use a mirror site. The latest and greatest versions of the suite are in the directory: /pub/samba/ Development (read "alpha") versions, which are NOT necessarily stable and which do NOT necessarily have accurate documentation, are available in the directory: /pub/samba/alpha Note that binaries are NOT included in any of the above. Samba is distributed ONLY in source form, though binaries may be available from other sites. Most Linux distributions, for example, do contain Samba binaries for that platform. The VMS, OS/2, Netware and Amiga and other ports typically have binaries made available. A special case is vendor-provided binary packages. Samba binaries and default configuration files are put into packages for a specific operating system. RedHat Linux and Sun Solaris (Sparc and x86) is already included, and others such as OS/2 may follow. All packages are in the directory: /pub/samba/Binary_Packages/"OS_Vendor" <sect1>What do the version numbers mean?<label id="version_nums"> It is not recommended that you run a version of Samba with the word "alpha" in its name unless you know what you are doing and are willing to do some debugging. Many, many people just get the latest recommended stable release version and are happy. If you are brave, by all means take the plunge and help with the testing and development - but don't install it on your departmental server. Samba is typically very stable and safe, and this is mostly due to the policy of many public releases. How the scheme works: <enum> <item>When major changes are made the version number is increased. For example, the transition from 1.9.16 to 1.9.17. However, this version number will not appear immediately and people should continue to use 1.9.15 for production systems (see next point.) <item>Just after major changes are made the software is considered unstable, and a series of alpha releases are distributed, for example 1.9.16alpha1. These are for testing by those who know what they are doing. The "alpha" in the filename will hopefully scare off those who are just looking for the latest version to install. <item>When Andrew thinks that the alphas have stabilised to the point where he would recommend new users install it, he renames it to the same version number without the alpha, for example 1.9.17. <item>Inevitably bugs are found in the "stable" releases and minor patch levels are released which give us the pXX series, for example 1.9.17p2. </enum> So the progression goes: <verb> 1.9.16p10 (production) 1.9.16p11 (production) 1.9.17alpha1 (test sites only) : 1.9.17alpha20 (test sites only) 1.9.17 (production) 1.9.17p1 (production) </verb> The above system means that whenever someone looks at the samba ftp site they will be able to grab the highest numbered release without an alpha in the name and be sure of getting the current recommended version. <sect1> Where can I go for further information?<label id="more"> There are a number of places to look for more information on Samba, including: <itemize> <item>Two mailing lists devoted to discussion of Samba-related matters. See below for subscription information. <item>The newsgroup comp.protocols.smb, which has a great deal of discussion about Samba. <item>The WWW site 'SAMBA Web Pages' at <url url="http://samba.org/samba/"> includes: <itemize> <item>Links to man pages and documentation, including this FAQ <item>A comprehensive survey of Samba users <item>A searchable hypertext archive of the Samba mailing list <item>Links to Samba source code, binaries, and mirrors of both <item>This FAQ and the rest in its family </itemize> </itemize> <sect1>How do I subscribe to the Samba Mailing Lists?<label id="mailinglist"> Send email to <htmlurl url="mailto:listproc@samba.org" name="listproc@samba.org">. Make sure the subject line is blank, and include the following two lines in the body of the message: <tscreen><verb> subscribe samba Firstname Lastname subscribe samba-announce Firstname Lastname </verb></tscreen> Obviously you should substitute YOUR first name for "Firstname" and YOUR last name for "Lastname"! Try not to send any signature, it sometimes confuses the list processor. The samba list is a digest list - every eight hours or so it sends a single message containing all the messages that have been received by the list since the last time and sends a copy of this message to all subscribers. There are thousands of people on this list. If you stop being interested in Samba, please send another email to <htmlurl url="mailto:listproc@samba.org" name="listproc@samba.org">. Make sure the subject line is blank, and include the following two lines in the body of the message: <tscreen><verb> unsubscribe samba unsubscribe samba-announce </verb></tscreen> The <bf>From:</bf> line in your message MUST be the same address you used when you subscribed. <sect1> Something's gone wrong - what should I do?<label id="wrong"> <bf>[#] *** IMPORTANT! *** [#]</bf> DO NOT post messages on mailing lists or in newsgroups until you have carried out the first three steps given here! <enum> <item> See if there are any likely looking entries in this FAQ! If you have just installed Samba, have you run through the checklist in <url url="ftp://samba.org/pub/samba/DIAGNOSIS.txt" name="DIAGNOSIS.txt">? It can save you a lot of time and effort. DIAGNOSIS.txt can also be found in the docs directory of the Samba distribution. <item> Read the man pages for smbd, nmbd and smb.conf, looking for topics that relate to what you are trying to do. <item> If there is no obvious solution to hand, try to get a look at the log files for smbd and/or nmbd for the period during which you were having problems. You may need to reconfigure the servers to provide more extensive debugging information - usually level 2 or level 3 provide ample debugging info. Inspect these logs closely, looking particularly for the string "Error:". <item> If you need urgent help and are willing to pay for it see <ref id="PaidSupport" name="Paid Support">. </enum> If you still haven't got anywhere, ask the mailing list or newsgroup. In general nobody minds answering questions provided you have followed the preceding steps. It might be a good idea to scan the archives of the mailing list, which are available through the Samba web site described in the previous section. When you post be sure to include a good description of your environment and your problem. If you successfully solve a problem, please mail the FAQ maintainer a succinct description of the symptom, the problem and the solution, so that an explanation can be incorporated into the next version. <sect1> How do I submit patches or bug reports? If you make changes to the source code, please submit these patches so that everyone else gets the benefit of your work. This is one of the most important aspects to the maintainence of Samba. Send all patches to <htmlurl url="mailto:samba@samba.org" name="samba@samba.org">. Do not send patches to Andrew Tridgell or any other individual, they may be lost if you do. Patch format ------------ If you are sending a patch to fix a problem then please don't just use standard diff format. As an example, samba received this patch from someone: 382a #endif .. 381a #if !defined(NEWS61) How are we supposed to work out what this does and where it goes? These sort of patches only work if we both have identical files in the first place. The Samba sources are constantly changing at the hands of multiple developers, so it doesn't work. Please use either context diffs or (even better) unified diffs. You get these using "diff -c4" or "diff -u". If you don't have a diff that can generate these then please send manualy commented patches to I know what is being changed and where. Most patches are applied by hand so the info must be clear. This is a basic guideline that will assist us with assessing your problem more efficiently : Machine Arch: Machine OS: OS Version: Kernel: Compiler: Libc Version: Samba Version: Network Layout (description): What else is on machine (services, etc): Some extras : <itemize> <item> what you did and what happened <item> relevant parts of a debugging output file with debuglevel higher. If you can't find the relevant parts, please ask before mailing huge files. <item> anything else you think is useful to trace down the bug </itemize> <sect1> What if I have an URGENT message for the developers? If you have spotted something very serious and believe that it is important to contact the developers quickly send a message to samba-urgent@samba.org. This will be processed more quickly than mail to samba. Please think carefully before using this address. An example of its use might be to report a security hole. Examples of things not to send to samba-urgent include problems getting Samba to work at all and bugs that cannot potentially cause damage. <sect1> What if I need paid-for support?<label id=PaidSupport> Samba has a large network of consultants who provide Samba support on a commercial basis. The list is included in the package in <url url="../Support.txt">, and the latest version will always be on the main samba ftp site. Any company in the world can request that the samba team include their details in Support.txt so we can give no guarantee of their services. <sect1> Pizza supply details<label id="pizza"> Those who have registered in the Samba survey as "Pizza Factory" will already know this, but the rest may need some help. Andrew doesn't ask for payment, but he does appreciate it when people give him pizza. This calls for a little organisation when the pizza donor is twenty thousand kilometres away, but it has been done. <enum> <item> Ring up your local branch of an international pizza chain and see if they honour their vouchers internationally. Pizza Hut do, which is how the entire Canberra Linux Users Group got to eat pizza one night, courtesy of someone in the US. <item>Ring up a local pizza shop in Canberra and quote a credit card number for a certain amount, and tell them that Andrew will be collecting it (don't forget to tell him.) One kind soul from Germany did this. <item>Purchase a pizza voucher from your local pizza shop that has no international affiliations and send it to Andrew. It is completely useless but he can hang it on the wall next to the one he already has from Germany :-) <item>Air freight him a pizza with your favourite regional flavours. It will probably get stuck in customs or torn apart by hungry sniffer dogs but it will have been a noble gesture. </enum> <sect>About the CIFS and SMB Protocols<label id="CifsSmb"> <sect1> What is the Server Message Block (SMB) Protocol? SMB is a filesharing protocol that has had several maintainers and contributors over the years including Xerox, 3Com and most recently Microsoft. Names for this protocol include LAN Manager and Microsoft Networking. Parts of the specification has been made public at several versions including in an X/Open document, as listed at <url url="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/developr/drg/CIFS/">. No specification releases were made between 1992 and 1996, and during that period Microsoft became the SMB implementor with the largest market share. Microsoft developed the specification further for its products but for various reasons connected with developer's workload rather than market strategy did not make the changes public. This culminated with the "Windows NT 0.12" version released with NT 3.5 in 1995 which had significant improvements and bugs. Because Microsoft client systems are so popular, it is fair to say that what Microsoft with Windows affects all suppliers of SMB server products. From 1994 Andrew Tridgell began doing some serious work on his Smbserver (now Samba) product and with some helpers started to implement more and more of these protocols. Samba began to take a significant share of the SMB server market. <sect1> What is the Common Internet Filesystem (CIFS)? The initial pressure for Microsoft to document their current SMB implementation came from the Samba team, who kept coming across things on the wire that Microsoft either didn't know about or hadn't documented anywhere (even in the sourcecode to Windows NT.) Then Sun Microsystems came out with their WebNFS initiative, designed to replace FTP for file transfers on the Internet. There are many drawbacks to WebNFS (including its scope - it aims to replace HTTP as well!) but the concept was attractive. FTP is not very clever, and why should it be harder to get files from across the world than across the room? Some hasty revisions were made and an Internet Draft for the Common Internet Filesystem (CIFS) was released. Note that CIFS is not an Internet standard and is a very long way from becoming one, BUT the protocol specification is in the public domain and ongoing discussions concerning the spec take place on a public mailing list according to the rules of the Internet Engineering Task Force. For more information and pointers see <url url="http://samba.org/cifs/"> The following is taken from <url url="http://www.microsoft.com/intdev/cifs/"> <verb> CIFS defines a standard remote file system access protocol for use over the Internet, enabling groups of users to work together and share documents across the Internet or within their corporate intranets. CIFS is an open, cross-platform technology based on the native file-sharing protocols built into Microsoft® Windows® and other popular PC operating systems, and supported on dozens of other platforms, including UNIX®. With CIFS, millions of computer users can open and share remote files on the Internet without having to install new software or change the way they work." </verb> If you consider CIFS as a backwardsly-compatible refinement of SMB that will work reasonably efficiently over the Internet you won't be too far wrong. The net effect is that Microsoft is now documenting large parts of their Windows NT fileserver protocols. The security concepts embodied in Windows NT are part of the specification, which is why Samba documentation often talks in terms of Windows NT. However there is no reason why a site shouldn't conduct all its file and printer sharing with CIFS and yet have no Microsoft products at all. <sect1> What is Browsing? The term "Browsing" causes a lot of confusion. It is the part of the SMB/CIFS protocol which allows for resource discovery. For example, in the Windows NT Explorer it is possible to see a "Network Neighbourhood" of computers in the same SMB workgroup. Clicking on the name of one of these machines brings up a list of file and printer resources for connecting to. In this way you can cruise the network, seeing what things are available. How this scales to the Internet is a subject for debate. Look at the CIFS list archives to see what the experts think. <sect>Designing A SMB and CIFS Network The big issues for installing any network of LAN or WAN file and print servers are <itemize> <item>How and where usernames, passwords and other security information is stored <item>What method can be used for locating the resources that users have permission to use <item>What protocols the clients can converse with </itemize> If you buy Netware, Windows NT or just about any other LAN fileserver product you are expected to lock yourself into the product's preferred answers to these questions. This tendancy is restrictive and often very expensive for a site where there is only one kind of client or server, and for sites with a mixture of operating systems it often makes it impossible to share resources between some sets of users. The Samba philosophy is to make things as easy as possible for administators, which means allowing as many combinations of clients, servers, operating systems and protocols as possible. <sect1>Workgroups, Domains, Authentication and Browsing From the point of view of networking implementation, Domains and Workgroups are exactly the same, except for the client logon sequence. Some kind of distributed authentication database is associated with a domain (there are quite a few choices) and this adds so much flexibility that many people think of a domain as a completely different entity to a workgroup. From Samba's point of view a client connecting to a service presents an authentication token, and it if it is valid they have access. Samba does not care what mechanism was used to generate that token in the first place. The SMB client logging on to a domain has an expectation that every other server in the domain should accept the same authentication information. However the network browsing functionality of domains and workgroups is identical and is explained in <url url="../BROWSING.txt">. There are some implementation differences: Windows 95 can be a member of both a workgroup and a domain, but Windows NT cannot. Windows 95 also has the concept of an "alternative workgroup". Samba can only be a member of a single workgroup or domain, although this is due to change with a future version when nmbd will be split into two daemons, one for WINS and the other for browsing (<url url="../NetBIOS.txt"> explains what WINS is.) <sect2> Defining the Terms<label id="BrowseAndDomainDefs"> <descrip> <tag/Workgroup/ means a collection of machines that maintain a common browsing database containing information about their shared resources. They do not necessarily have any security information in common (if they do, it gets called a Domain.) The browsing database is dynamic, modified as servers come and go on the network and as resources are added or deleted. The term "browsing" refers to a user accessing the database via whatever interface the client provides, eg the OS/2 Workplace Shell or Windows 95 Explorer. SMB servers agree between themselves as to which ones will maintain the browsing database. Workgroups can be anywhere on a connected TCP/IP network, including on different subnets or even on the Interet. This is a very tricky part of SMB to implement. <tag/Master Browsers/ are machines which holds the master browsing database for a workgroup or domain. There are two kinds of Master Browser: <itemize> <item> Domain Master Browser, which holds the master browsing information for an entire domain, which may well cross multiple TCP/IP subnets. <item> Local Master Browser, which holds the master browsing database for a particular subnet and communicates with the Domain Master Browser to get information on other subnets. </itemize> Subnets are differentiated because browsing is based on broadcasts, and broadcasts do not pass through routers. Subnets are not routed: while it is possible to have more than one subnet on a single network segment this is regarded as very bad practice. Master Browsers (both Domain and Local) are elected dynamically according to an algorithm which is supposed to take into account the machine's ability to sustain the browsing load. Samba can be configured to always act as a master browser, ie it always wins elections under all circumstances, even against systems such as a Windows NT Primary Domain Controller which themselves expect to win. There are also Backup Browsers which are promoted to Master Browsers in the event of a Master Browser disappearing from the network. Alternative terms include confusing variations such as "Browse Master", and "Master Browser" which we are trying to eliminate from the Samba documentation. <tag/Domain Controller/ is a term which comes from the Microsoft and IBM etc implementation of the LAN Manager protocols. It is tied to authentication. There are other ways of doing domain authentication, but the Windows NT method has a large market share. The general issues are discussed in <url url="../DOMAIN.txt"> and a Windows NT-specific discussion is in <url url="../DOMAIN_CONTROL.txt">. </descrip> <sect2>Sharelevel (Workgroup) Security Services<label id="ShareModeSecurity"> With the Samba setting "security = SHARE", all shared resources information about what password is associated with them but only hints as to what usernames might be valid (the hint can be 'all users', in which case any username will work. This is usually a bad idea, but reflects both the initial implementations of SMB in the mid-80s and its reincarnation with Windows for Workgroups in 1992. The idea behind workgroup security was that small independant groups of people could share information on an ad-hoc basis without there being an authentication infrastructure present or requiring them to do more than fill in a dialogue box. <sect2>Authentication Domain Mode Services<label id="DomainModeSecurity"> With the Samba settings "security = USER" or "security = SERVER" accesses to all resources are checked for username/password pair matches in a more rigorous manner. To the client, this has the effect of emulating a Microsoft Domain. The client is not concerned whether or not Samba looks up a Windows NT SAM or does it in some other way. <sect1>Authentication Schemes In the simple case authentication information is stored on a single server and the user types a password on connecting for the first time. However client operating systems often require a password before they can be used at all, and in addition users usually want access to more than one server. Asking users to remember many different passwords in different contexts just does not work. Some kind of distributed authentication database is needed. It must cope with password changes and provide for assigning groups of users the same level of access permissions. This is why Samba installations often choose to implement a Domain model straight away. Authentication decisions are some of the biggest in designing a network. Are you going to use a scheme native to the client operating system, native to the server operating system, or newly installed on both? A list of options relevant to Samba (ie that make sense in the context of the SMB protocol) follows. Any experiences with other setups would be appreciated. [refer to server FAQ for "passwd chat" passwd program password server etc etc...] <sect2>NIS For Windows 95, Windows for Workgroups and most other clients Samba can be a domain controller and share the password database via NIS transparently. Windows NT is different. <url url="http://www.dcs.qmw.ac.uk/~williams" name="Free NIS NT client"> <sect2>Kerberos Kerberos for US users only: <url url="http://www.cygnus.com/product/unifying-security.html" name="Kerberos overview"> <url url="http://www.cygnus.com/product/kerbnet-download.html" name="Download Kerberos"> <sect2>FTP Other NT w/s logon hack via NT <sect2>Default Server Method <sect2>Client-side Database Only <sect1>Post-Authentication: Netlogon, Logon Scripts, Profiles See <url url="../DOMAIN.txt"> <sect>Cross-Protocol File Sharing Samba is an important tool for... It is possible to... File protocol gateways... "Setting up a Linux File Server" http://vetrec.mit.edu/people/narf/linux.html Two free implementations of Appletalk for Unix are Netatalk, <url url="http://www.umich.edu/~rsug/netatalk/">, and CAP, <url url="http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/appletalk/atalk.html">. What Samba offers MS Windows users, these packages offer to Macs. For more info on these packages, Samba, and Linux (and other UNIX-based systems) see <url url="http://www.eats.com/linux_mac_win.html"> 3.5) Sniffing your nework <sect>Miscellaneous<label id="miscellaneous"> <sect1>Is Samba Year 2000 compliant?<label id="Year2000Compliant"> The CIFS protocol that Samba implements negotiates times in various formats, all of which are able to cope with dates beyond 2000. </article>